Here are some of the basic ways to customize you ubuntu 9.10 desktop. This covers panel ,menus, and general customization.
This video cover the basics of the ubuntu desktop more on advanced controls to be uploaded soon.
| All of UNIX is case sensitive. A command with even a single letter’s capitalization altered is considered to be a completely different command. The same goes for files, directories, configuration file formats, and the syntax of all native programming languages. |
In addition to directories and ordinary text files, there are other types of files, although all files contain the same kind of data (i.e., a list of bytes). The hidden file is a file that will not ordinarily appear when you type the command ls to list the contents of a directory. To see a hidden file you must use the command ls -a. The -a option means to list all files as well as hidden files. Another variant is ls -l, which lists the
contents in long format. The - is used in this way to indicate variations on a command. These are called command-line options or command-line arguments, and most UNIX commands can take a number of them. They can be strung together in any way that is convenient [Commands under the GNU free software license are superior in this way: they have a greater number of options than traditional UNIX commands and are therefore more flexible.], for example, ls -a -l, ls -l -a, or ls -al –any of these will list all files in long format.
All GNU commands take the additional arguments -h and --help. You can type a command with just this on the command-line and get a usage summary. This is some brief help that will summarize options that you may have forgotten if you are already familiar with the command–it will never be an exhaustive description of the usage. See the later
explanation about man pages.
The difference between a hidden file and an ordinary file is merely that the file name of a hidden file starts with a period. Hiding files in this way is not for security, but for convenience. The option ls -l is somewhat cryptic for the novice. Its more explanatory version is ls --format=long. Similarly, the all option can be given as ls --all, and means the same thing as ls -a.
In addition to directories and ordinary text files, there are other types of files, although all files contain the same kind of data (i.e., a list of bytes). The hidden file is a file that will not ordinarily appear when you type the command ls to list the contents of a directory. To see a hidden file you must use the command ls -a. The -a option means to list all files as well as hidden files. Another variant is ls -l, which lists the contents in long format. The - is used in this way to indicate variations on a command. These are called command-line options or command-line arguments, and most UNIX commands can take a number of them. They can be strung together in any way that is convenient [Commands under the GNU free software license are superior in this way: they have a greater number of options than traditional UNIX commands and are therefore more flexible.], for example, ls -a -l, ls -l -a, or ls -al –any of these will list all files in long format.
All GNU commands take the additional arguments -h and --help. You can type a command with just this on the command-line and get a usage summary. This is some brief help that will summarize options that you may have forgotten if you are already familiar with the command–it will never be an exhaustive description of the usage. See the later explanation about man pages.
The difference between a hidden file and an ordinary file is merely that the file name of a hidden file starts with a period. Hiding files in this way is not for security, but for convenience.
The option ls -l is somewhat cryptic for the novice. Its more explanatory version is ls --format=long. Similarly, the all option can be given as ls --all, and means the same thing as ls -a.
